Action steps
1. Find the area of right triangles, other triangles, special quadrilaterals, and polygons by composing into rectangles or decomposing into triangles and other shapes.
2. Represent three-dimensional figures using nets made up of rectangles and triangles, and use the nets to find the surface area of these figures.
Action steps
1. Write expressions that record operations with numbers and with letters standing for numbers. For example, express the calculation "Subtract y from 5" as 5 - y.
2. Evaluate expressions at specific values of their variables. Include expressions that arise from formulas used in real-world problems.
3. Perform arithmetic operations, including those involving whole-number exponents, in the conventional order when there are no parentheses to specify a particular order (Order of Operations). For example, use the formulas V = s3 and A = 6 s2 to find the volume and surface area of a cube with sides of length s = 1/2.
Action steps
1. Understand the concept of a ratio and use ratio language to describe a ratio relationship between two quantities. For example, "The ratio of wings to beaks in the bird house at the zoo was 2:1, because for every 2 wings there was 1 beak."
2. Understand the concept of a unit rate a/b associated with a ratio a:b with b ≠0, and use rate language in the context of a ratio relationship. For example, "This recipe has a ratio of 3 cups of flour to 4 cups of sugar, so there is 3/4 cup of flour for each cup of sugar."
3. Use ratio and rate reasoning to solve real-world and mathematical problems, e.g., by reasoning about tables of equivalent ratios, tape diagrams, double number line diagrams, or equations.
4. Make tables of equivalent ratios relating quantities with whole-number measurements, find missing values in the tables, and plot the pairs of values on the coordinate plane. Use tables to compare ratios.
5. Solve unit rate problems including those involving unit pricing and constant speed. For example, if it took 7 hours to mow 4 lawns, then at that rate, how many lawns could be mowed in 35 hours?
6. Find a percent of a quantity as a rate per 100 (e.g., 30% of a quantity means 30/100 times the quantity).
7. Solve problems involving finding the whole, given a part and the percent.
8. Use ratio reasoning to convert measurement units; manipulate and transform units appropriately when multiplying or dividing quantities.
Action steps
1. Interpret and compute quotients of fractions, and solve word problems involving division of fractions.
2. Use the relationship between multiplication and division to explain that (2/3) ÷ (3/4) = 8/9 because 3/4 of 8/9 is 2/3.
3. Use the relationship between multiplication and division to determine how much chocolate will each person get if 3 people share 1/2 lb of chocolate equally?
4. Use the relationship between multiplication and division to determine how wide is a rectangular strip of land with length 3/4 mi and area 1/2 square mi?
Action steps
1. Understand solving an equation or inequality as a process of answering a question: which values from a specified set, if any, make the equation or inequality true?
2. Use substitution to determine whether a given number in a specified set makes an equation or inequality true.
3. Use variables to represent numbers and write expressions when solving a real-world or mathematical problem.
4. Understand that a variable can represent an unknown number, or, depending on the purpose at hand, any number in a specified set.
5. Solve real-world and mathematical problems by writing and solving equations of the form x + p = q and px = q for cases in which p, q and x are all nonnegative rational numbers.
Action steps
1. Use variables to represent two quantities in a real-world problem that change in relationship to one another.
2. Write an equation to express one quantity, thought of as the dependent variable, in terms of the other quantity, thought of as the independent variable.
3. Analyze the relationship between the dependent and independent variables using graphs and tables, and relate these to the equation. For example, in a problem involving motion at constant speed, list and graph ordered pairs of distances and times, and write the equation d = 65t to represent the relationship between distance and time.
Action steps
1. Understand that positive and negative numbers are used together to describe quantities having opposite directions or values (e.g., temperature above/below zero, elevation above/below sea level, credits/debits, positive/negative electric charge).
2. Use positive and negative numbers to represent quantities in real-world contexts, explaining the meaning of 0 in each situation.
3. Understand a rational number as a point on the number line. Extend number line diagrams and coordinate axes familiar from previous grades to represent points on the line and in the plane with negative number coordinates.
4. Recognize opposite signs of numbers as indicating locations on opposite sides of 0 on the number line; recognize that the opposite of the opposite of a number is the number itself, e.g., -(-3) = 3, and that 0 is its own opposite.
5. Understand signs of numbers in ordered pairs as indicating locations in quadrants of the coordinate plane; recognize that when two ordered pairs differ only by signs, the locations of the points are related by reflections across one or both axes.
6. Find and position integers and other rational numbers on a horizontal or vertical number line diagram.
7. Find and position pairs of integers and other rational numbers on a coordinate plane.
8. Understand ordering and absolute value of rational numbers.
9. Interpret statements of inequality as statements about the relative position of two numbers on a number line diagram. For example, interpret -3 > -7 as a statement that -3 is located to the right of -7 on a number line oriented from left to right.
10. Write, interpret, and explain statements of order for rational numbers in real-world contexts. For example, write -3 degrees C > -7 degrees C to express the fact that -3 degrees C is warmer than -7 degrees C.
11. Understand the absolute value of a rational number as its distance from 0 on the number line; interpret absolute value as magnitude for a positive or negative quantity in a real- world situation. For example, for an account balance of -30 dollars, write |-30| = 30 to describe the size of the debt in dollars.
12. Distinguish comparisons of absolute value from statements about order. For example, recognize that an account balance less than -30 dollars represents a debt greater than 30 dollars.
13. Solve real-world and mathematical problems by graphing points in all four quadrants of the coordinate plane. Include use of coordinates and absolute value to find distances between points with the same first coordinate or the same second coordinate.
Action steps
1. Recognize a statistical question as one that anticipates variability in the data related to the question and accounts for it in the answers. For example, "How old am I?" is not a statistical question, but "How old are the students in my school?" is a statistical question because one anticipates variability in students' ages.
2. Understand that a set of data collected to answer a statistical question has a distribution which can be described by its center, spread, and overall shape.
3. Recognize that a measure of center for a numerical data set summarizes all of its values with a single number, while a measure of variation describes how its values vary with a single number.
Action steps
1. Display numerical data in plots on a number line, including dot plots, histograms, and box plots.
2. Summarize numerical data sets in relation to their context, such as by:
3. Reporting the number of observations.
4. Describing the nature of the attribute under investigation, including how it was measured and its units of measurement.
5. Giving quantitative measures of center (median and/or mean) and variability (interquartile range and/or mean absolute deviation), as well as describing any overall pattern and any striking deviations from the overall pattern with reference to the context in which the data were gathered.
6. Relating the choice of measures of center and variability to the shape of the data distribution and the context in which the data were gathered.
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