Action steps
1. Select and apply appropriate before reading strategies to a text e.g., previewing the text, setting a purpose for reading, making predictions about the text, and drawing connections between prior knowledge or experience and the text.
2. Select and apply during reading strategies to monitor comprehension e.g., rereading, paraphrasing, summarizing, connecting related ideas within a text, verifying or modifying predictions, visualizing, and connecting text ideas with prior knowledge or experience.
3. Demonstrate comprehension of a text with after reading strategies by summarizing text, drawing inferences, drawing conclusions, verifying or adjusting predictions, making new predictions, and making connections between the text and oneself.
4. Respond effectively to critical and analytical text-dependent questions.
5. Determine and state evidence that confirms the important ideas and messages of a literary text.
Action steps
1. Analyze main ideas and universal themes by examining experiences, emotions, issues, ideas, or lesson learned from the text.
2. Determine the relevance of the theme to society.
3. Identify secondary themes in the text.
4. Determine how a theme is relayed through particular details in a literary text.
5. Draw conclusions about characters, plot, and/or symbols to determine theme.
6. Identify details to support main ideas or themes.
7. Distinguish between subjective and objective summaries.
8. Express key ideas through paraphrasing.
9. State or compose a summary that includes events from the beginning, middle, and end of a text.
10. Use appropriate academic or domain-specific words when discussing or writing about literature.
11. Determine how transitional words and phrases are used to provide cohesion.
12. Employ effective note-taking strategies when identifying main ideas and supporting details in order to produce an objective summary of the text or portions of the text.
Action steps
1. Analyze how the actions of the character(s) affect the plot.
2. Analyze internal and/or external conflicts that motivate characters and those that advance the plot.
3. Analyze internal and/or external conflicts that motivate characters to grow.
4. Apply the elements of characterization to show a character’s development.
5. Determine how events in the plot lead to a character’s insight or awareness.
6. Analyze details that provide information about the setting, the mood created by the setting, and ways in which the setting affects characters.
Action steps
1. Analyze the author’s purposeful use of language.
2. Use context to determine the meaning of words.
3. Apply knowledge of roots, affixes, and cognates (e.g., Greek, Latin, Anglo-Saxon, African, Arabic, and other Western and non-Western sources) to draw inferences about word meaning.
4. Apply knowledge of world mythologies (e.g., Greek, Roman, Norse) to understand the origin and meaning of unfamiliar words.
5. Apply knowledge of common words that signal relationships (e.g., words that show cause and effect, comparison, contrast, sequence, chronology).
6. Apply knowledge of content-specific and other technical vocabulary (e.g., literary terms; theatrical expressions; political, philosophical, and historical terms).
7. Analyze specific words and phrases that contribute to meaning.
8. Analyze how repetition and exaggeration contribute to meaning.
9. Analyze words and phrases that create tone.
Action steps
1. Explain the relationship between the structure of a text and the development of the theme.
2. Identify and explain the author's approach to issues of time (e.g., flashback, frame story).
3. Demonstrate an understanding of the structure of novels, dramas, and poetry.
4. Analyze the events of the plot: exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, resolution.
5. Determine how the particular parts of a novel, drama, or poem relate to each other to form a complete structure.
6. Determine how the setting affects the development of plot.
7. Apply the elements of plot structure in an analysis of a story’s plot.
8. Apply the elements of dramatic structure in an analysis of a drama’s plot.
9. Apply the elements of poetic structure in an analysis of a poem’s theme.
10. Identify and explain how organizational aids such as the title of the book, story, poem, or play, titles of chapters, subtitles, subheadings contribute to meaning.
Action steps
1. Determine the author’s point of view and analyze its limitations.
2. Apply knowledge of the different types of point of view to a text.
3. Determine the effect of a particular narrator or speaker.
4. Analyze the significance of a text in its historical and/or cultural context.
Action steps
1. Analyze the ways in which different texts illustrate a similar theme or advance a similar argument.
2. Demonstrate knowledge of elements of fiction, drama, and poetry.
3. Demonstrate knowledge of elements of visual and audio texts.
4. Compare texts addressing similar topics, ideas, or themes but written or composed in different genres.
Action steps
1. Relate literary works to important primary source documents of their literary or historical period.
2. Explain the relationship between a literary work and the life experience of its author.
3. Determine inter-textual connections when reading, viewing, or listening to diverse texts.
Action steps
1. Select and apply appropriate before-reading strategies to a text e.g., previewing the text, setting a purpose for reading, making predictions about the text, and drawing connections between prior knowledge or experience and the text.
2. Select and apply during-reading strategies to monitor comprehension e.g., rereading, paraphrasing, summarizing, connecting related ideas within a text, verifying or modifying predictions, visualizing, and connecting text ideas with prior knowledge or experience.
3. Demonstrate comprehension of a text with after reading strategies by summarizing the text, drawing conclusions, verifying or adjusting predictions, making new predictions, or making connections between the text and oneself.
4. Respond effectively to critical and analytical text-dependent questions.
5. Determine and state evidence that confirms the meaning of an informational text.
6. Analyze the author’s use of rhetoric to develop an argument.
Action steps
1. Synthesize main ideas to determine a central idea.
2. Determine the relevancy of the theme to society.
3. Employ effective note-taking strategies when identifying main ideas and supporting details in order to produce an objective summary of the text or portions of the text.
Action steps
1. Determine details that support the central idea.
2. Identify important persons, events, or ideas in an informational text.
3. Identify the effect the presentation of an important person, event, or idea in the text has upon a reader.
4. Analyze the effectiveness of organizational structures such as definition, classification,
comparison/contrast, process, chronological order, and cause/effect.
5. Determine how transitional words and phrases are used to support the organizational structure.
Action steps
1. Analyze the author’s purposeful use of language.
2. Use context as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase.
3. Assess how the author’s word choice and syntax contribute to the development of ideas.
4. Analyze specific words and phrases that contribute to meaning.
5. Demonstrate how figurative language contributes to meaning.
6. Analyze words and phrases that create tone.
7. Analyze how sensory language contributes to meaning.
8. Analyze how repetition and exaggeration contribute to meaning.
9. Use appropriate academic or domain-specific words when discussing or writing about informational texts.
Action steps
1. Analyze the author’s use of organizational structures and transition words within a paragraph or between paragraphs.
2. Identify the author’s purpose for an informational text.
3. Examine how parts of the text support the identified purpose of the text.
Action steps
1. Determine the difference between author’s point of view and author’s purpose.
2. Analyze the author’s use of rhetoric to develop an argument.
3. Identify and explain the relationship between the structure and the purpose of the text.
4. Determine the narrator’s or speaker’s point of view.
Action steps
1. Employ effective note-taking strategies when viewing or listening to text.
2. Analyze the effects of various media when listening to or viewing a text.
Action steps
1. Identify claims in the text.
2. Describe precisely an argument and specific claims, showing the difference between claims that are supported and those that are not.
3. Assess the value of the argument based upon supported claims.
4. Identify fallacious or faulty thinking.
5. Analyze the validity of supporting details and evidence.
6. Analyze the author’s argument for objective and non-biased thinking.
7. Evaluate the author’s credibility.
8. Analyze the author’s use of rhetoric to develop argument.
Action steps
1. Gather information to support claims, locating and evaluating sources for reliability.
2. Compose an introduction that presents a claim or claims clearly.
3. Identify the audience and select evidence for the argument that will effectively reach that audience.
4. Use an effective organizational structure to address both the claim and any counterclaims.
5. Develop claims and counterclaims with clear reasons and relevant evidence from texts.
6. Use words, phrases, and clauses (including transitions) to create cohesion in the text.
7. Compose a conclusion that logically follows from and supports the argument.
8. Use specific words or phrases that support a consistent formal style.
Action steps
1. Refine the focus of a topic.
2. Gather information on a specific topic from a variety of print and digital sources.
3. Select an appropriate organizational structure (e.g., compare/contrast, order of importance).
4. Include appropriate text features to aid reader’s understanding.
5. Compose an introduction that presents a thesis clearly.
6. Compose the body with attention to effective organization of information.
7. Compose a conclusion that follows from and supports the explanation.
8. Use words, phrases, and clauses (including transitions) to create cohesion in the text.
9. Use specific words or phrases that support a consistent formal style.
Action steps
1. Establish a point of view and a narrative voice.
2. Employ narrative techniques, such as dialogue, pacing, and description, to develop experiences, events, and/or characters.
3. Employ a variety of transition words, phrases, and clauses to convey sequence and signal shifts
from one time frame or setting to another.
4. Use precise words and phrases, relevant descriptive details, and sensory language to convey experiences and events.
5. Use pronouns in the proper case (subjective, objective, possessive), person, and number.
Action steps
1. Adopt a tone, style, and format appropriate to the subject, audience, and purpose.
2. Demonstrate an understanding of different types of writing and the implications for the writing process.
3. Self-assess when writing, applying understanding of writing traits (ideas, organization, voice, word choice, sentence fluency, conventions, and presentation).
Action steps
1. Follow an inquiry process.
2. Define a problem, formulate questions, and refine a problem and/or question.
3. Locate and evaluate resources.
4. Find data and/or information within a variety of print or digital sources
5. Use a variety of formats to prepare the findings/conclusions for sharing.
6. Share findings and/or conclusions through a variety of print and multimedia venues.
Action steps
1. Demonstrate the ability to search independently for relevant information using library databases and Internet search strategies.
2. Develop search terms using appropriate vocabulary for the topic.
3. Take purposeful notes by directly quoting, paraphrasing, or summarizing sources.
4. Use Modern Language Association format for in-text notation and bibliographic information (Works Cited).
5. Demonstrate academic integrity by avoiding plagiarism.
Action steps
1. Demonstrate appropriate academic behavior by completing and reflecting on assigned reading.
2. Take purposeful notes in preparation for discussion, using highlighting, outlines, journals, and other techniques as appropriate.
3. Conduct focused research as necessary to prepare for discussions.
4. Organize the group by assuming specific roles as needed.
5. Develop/Follow rules for collegial discussions, set specific goals and deadlines, and define individual roles as needed.
6. Identify and agree upon the group’s purpose/goal and deadlines.
7. Offer input in a constructive, socially acceptable manner.
8. Ask appropriate questions for clarification and extension.
9. Listen actively to others.
10. Assume leadership and subordinate roles as necessary.
11. Apply self-monitoring strategies to establish and adjust appropriate tone, body language, and vocabulary.
12. Accept ambiguity and lack of consensus among group members.
13. Cite evidence to justify maintaining or modifying one’s own position.
14. Review the key ideas expressed and demonstrate understanding of multiple perspectives through paraphrasing.
15. Summarize the positions or main points made by the other members of the group.
16. Solicit elaboration and foster exploration of a variety of ideas and information.
17. Periodically, summarize the main points or ideas of the discussion.
18. Periodically, connect the opinions or perspectives of others to one’s own opinions.
Action steps
1. Apply an understanding of the features and formats of diverse media.
2. Determine both the explicit and the implicit ideas found in non-print texts, including digital texts.
3. Summarize, compare, draw conclusions about, and synthesize significant ideas found in print and non-print texts, including digital media.
Action steps
1. Apply critical listening strategies to determine and evaluate a speaker’s central idea or claim.
2. Determine how a speaker’s central idea or claim is conveyed through particular details.
Action steps
1. Identify an appropriate purpose for communicating (e.g., informing, persuading, problem solving, entertaining, interpreting).
2. Determine audience knowledge and interest and anticipate audience response.
3. Adopt the behaviors of effective speakers as appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.
4. Apply an organizational pattern that most effectively emphasizes the main ideas or themes of the presentation.
5. Include evidence (e.g., descriptions, facts, and details) that most effectively supports the main ideas or themes of the presentation.
Action steps
1. Apply an understanding of purpose and audience needs when selecting props, visual aids, and electronic media.
2. Incorporate props or visual aids (e.g., graphs, charts, diagrams, time lines, tables) to support and convey information and meet audience needs.
3. Follow “fair use” (copyright) policies when incorporating multimedia components from other sources.
Action steps
1. Apply critical listening strategies to determine and evaluate a speaker’s central idea or claim.
2. Determine how a speaker’s central idea or claim is conveyed through particular details.
Action steps
1. Distinguish between colloquial and nonstandard English.
2. Assess situations for the appropriateness of formal versus informal language.
3. Apply Standard English for clarity, correctness, and effectiveness and to enhance audience interest and understanding.
4. Analyze the extent to which the placement and punctuation of noun, adjective, and adverb clauses affects the clarity of compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences.
5. Use complete sentences.
6. Vary sentence patterns.
7. Recognize variations from standard English in one’s own and others’ writing and speaking, and use strategies to improve expression in conventional language.
Action steps
1. Use context (e.g., the overall meaning of a sentence, paragraph, or text; a word’s position or function in a sentence) as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase.
2. Identify and correctly use patterns of word changes that indicate different meanings or parts of speech (e.g., analyze, analysis, analytical; advocate, advocacy).
3. Consult general and specialized reference materials (e.g., dictionaries, glossaries, thesauruses), both print and digital, to find the pronunciation of a word or determine or clarify its precise meaning, its part of speech, or its etymology.
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