Action steps
1. Explain the feeding process in protozoa and hydra
2. Explain the feeding process in mammals
3. Describe the digestive function of man, dog, and rabbits
Action steps
1. Define transport system
2. Explain the importance of diffusion and osmosis to the transport system
3. Describe the transport system in large organisms (plants and animals)
4. Explain the importance of the transport system
5. List some of the materials for transport structures of arteries, veins, and vascular bundles
6. Describe the mechanism of transport in a simple organism
7. Describe the mechanism of transport in a multi-cellular, organism
8. Describe the mechanism of transport in higher plants and animals
9. Describe the structure of an artery and a vein using well drawn diagrams
Action steps
1. Describe some of the types of respiratory systems such as body surface respiration, Gill respiration, and lung respiration
2. Examine the gills removed from a dead tilapia to observe their structures
3. Observe how gill flakes, gill arch, and gill filaments function
4. Explain the mechanism of respiration in higher animals (inhalation and exhalation)
5. Explain the mechanism of respiration in lower animals
6. Examine slides showing the respiratory organs of an earthworm, tilapia, toad, grasshop-per, and a rat
Action steps
1. Contractive vacuoles, flame cell, Malpighi-an tubules, kidneys, stomata and lenticels
2. Examine Malpighian tubules in a dissected cockroach and rat
Action steps
1. Define nutrient cycling, e.g. carbon cycle, oxygen cycle and water cycle
2. Describe the processes of each of the nutrient cycles listed above
3. Describe the importance of the nutrient cycle to plants, animals, and man
4. Perform an experiment to show the absorption of carbon dioxide and release of oxygen during photosynthesis
5. Draw the carbon cycle and the water cycle
Action steps
1. List examples of micro and macro decomposers
2. Describe the importance and roles of decomposers to humans
Action steps
1. Explain the concept of minimum and maximum of tolerance
2. Explain a geographic range graph that illustrates the maximum and minimum range toler-ance
3. Show that heat is released during decomposition and identify the gases released
4. Perform an experiment that demonstrates the limit to tolerance
5. Analyze a tilapia fish and note the different levels of salt concentration within it
6. Describe various types of association including symbiosis (mutualism), parasitism, and commensalism
Action steps
1. Provide examples that show the importance of conservation
2. Describe methods or ways of conserving natural resources (e.g., legislation, education, and creation of parks and reserves)
3. List some of the agencies responsible for solving problems associated with conservation
Action steps
1. Describe the classification of pests
2. Describe invertebrate pests such as nematodes, arthropods, and locusts
3. Describe vertebrate pests such as birds, rats, and snakes
4. Explain the life cycle of a pest
5. Identify some of the diseases caused by pests and their agents (e.g., viral diseases, bac-terial diseases and fungi diseases)
6. List some of the methods of controlling pest diseases (e.g., physical, biological and chemical methods)
Action steps
1. Examine the structures of male and female reproductive organs
2. Describe the functions of male and female reproductive organs of fish and reptiles
3. Examine the structures of male and female fish and reptile gametes
4. List the differences between male and female reproductive organ of fish and reptiles
Action steps
1. Examine the structures of male and female reproductive systems of birds and mammals
2. Describe the functions of male and female reproductive organs of birds and mammals
3. Examine the structures of male and female bird and mammal gametes
4. List the differences between male and female bird and mammal reproductive organs
5. Describe the structural differences in the egg of vertebrates
6. Compare the reproductive systems in fish, reptiles, birds and mammals
7. List the important terms often used to study flowers e.g., bisexuals, mono-sexual, inflo-rescence, etc.
Action steps
1. Provide a definition of pollination
2. List the features of self-pollinated flowers and cross-pollinated flowers
3. Describe the agents of pollination such as water, wind, insects, and animals
Action steps
1. Provide a definition of homeostasis,
2. Examine the effects of kidney diseases
3. Identify possible remedies for these effects
Action steps
1. Examine the structure and function of the liver
2. Examine the effects of liver diseases
3. Identify possible remedies for the effects
4. Describe the processes of metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids
Action steps
1. Provide the definition of a plant hormone
2. Describe the functions of plant hormones
Action steps
1. Describe endocrine glands and their hormones
2. List the functions of endocrine glands
3. Describe the effect of under-secretion or over-secretion of endocrine hormones
Action steps
1. Examine the structures and functions of mammalian skin
2. Describe the proper care of mammalian skin
Action steps
1. Describe the organization of the nervous system
2. Explain the operation of the central nervous system by describing the structure and func-tion of the brain
3. Explain the operation of the peripheral nervous system by describing the structure and function of the spinal cord
Action steps
1. Describe the types of neurons (motor, sensory and relay)
2. Describe how a nerve impulse travels
3. Provide examples of reflex actions voluntary actions
4. Explain Pavlov’s experiments on dogs
Action steps
1. Describe how the nose recognizes odors
2. Describe the mechanism of smelling with the help of an olfactory chemoreceptor
3. Provide examples of adaptation for survival indogs during hunting
4. Identify the presence of chemo receptors in insects (e.g., butterflies)
Action steps
1. Describe the eye and its parts
2. List the functions of the different parts of the eye
3. Describe the role of the eyes in image formation and accommodation
4. Examine eye defects such asmyopia, hyper-myopia, astigmatism, cataracts, night blind-ness, color blindness etc.
Action steps
1. Provide a description of succession in population change
2. Explain the variety and increase in number in species composition
3. Describe primary succession in an aquatic habitat
4. Discuss the characteristics of a stable community
5. Describe the relationship between competition and succession
6. Identify some of the factors that cause overcrowding
Action steps
1. Describe some of the factors affecting population
2. Provide examples of dynamic equilibrium in nature
3. List some of the factors that help maintain dynamic equilibrium such as availability of food, natural disasters, etc.
4. Describe some of the natural and artificial methods of population control
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