Senior Secondary 2 | Biology

First Term

Objective: Understanding the digestive system

Action steps

1. Explain the feeding process in protozoa and hydra

2. Explain the feeding process in mammals

3. Describe the digestive function of man, dog, and rabbits

Objective: Understand transport system

Action steps

1. Define transport system

2. Explain the importance of diffusion and osmosis to the transport system

3. Describe the transport system in large organisms (plants and animals)

4. Explain the importance of the transport system

5. List some of the materials for transport structures of arteries, veins, and vascular bundles

6. Describe the mechanism of transport in a simple organism

7. Describe the mechanism of transport in a multi-cellular, organism

8. Describe the mechanism of transport in higher plants and animals

9. Describe the structure of an artery and a vein using well drawn diagrams

Objective: Analyze the respiratory system

Action steps

1. Describe some of the types of respiratory systems such as body surface respiration, Gill respiration, and lung respiration

2. Examine the gills removed from a dead tilapia to observe their structures

3. Observe how gill flakes, gill arch, and gill filaments function

4. Explain the mechanism of respiration in higher animals (inhalation and exhalation)

5. Explain the mechanism of respiration in lower animals

6. Examine slides showing the respiratory organs of an earthworm, tilapia, toad, grasshop-per, and a rat

Objective: Investigate the excretory system

Action steps

1. Contractive vacuoles, flame cell, Malpighi-an tubules, kidneys, stomata and lenticels

2. Examine Malpighian tubules in a dissected cockroach and rat

Objective: Understand nutrient cycling in nature

Action steps

1. Define nutrient cycling, e.g. carbon cycle, oxygen cycle and water cycle

2. Describe the processes of each of the nutrient cycles listed above

3. Describe the importance of the nutrient cycle to plants, animals, and man

4. Perform an experiment to show the absorption of carbon dioxide and release of oxygen during photosynthesis

5. Draw the carbon cycle and the water cycle

Objective: Understand the decomposition process in nature

Action steps

1. List examples of micro and macro decomposers

2. Describe the importance and roles of decomposers to humans

Objective: Understand ecological management

Action steps

1. Explain the concept of minimum and maximum of tolerance

2. Explain a geographic range graph that illustrates the maximum and minimum range toler-ance

3. Show that heat is released during decomposition and identify the gases released

4. Perform an experiment that demonstrates the limit to tolerance

5. Analyze a tilapia fish and note the different levels of salt concentration within it

6. Describe various types of association including symbiosis (mutualism), parasitism, and commensalism

Second Term

Objective: Understand the importance of conservation of natural resources

Action steps

1. Provide examples that show the importance of conservation

2. Describe methods or ways of conserving natural resources (e.g., legislation, education, and creation of parks and reserves)

3. List some of the agencies responsible for solving problems associated with conservation

Objective: Understand some of the effects of pests and diseases on crops

Action steps

1. Describe the classification of pests

2. Describe invertebrate pests such as nematodes, arthropods, and locusts

3. Describe vertebrate pests such as birds, rats, and snakes

4. Explain the life cycle of a pest

5. Identify some of the diseases caused by pests and their agents (e.g., viral diseases, bac-terial diseases and fungi diseases)

6. List some of the methods of controlling pest diseases (e.g., physical, biological and chemical methods)

Objective: Analyze the reproductive systems in fish and reptiles

Action steps

1. Examine the structures of male and female reproductive organs

2. Describe the functions of male and female reproductive organs of fish and reptiles

3. Examine the structures of male and female fish and reptile gametes

4. List the differences between male and female reproductive organ of fish and reptiles

Objective: Analyze the reproductive systems in birds and mammals

Action steps

1. Examine the structures of male and female reproductive systems of birds and mammals

2. Describe the functions of male and female reproductive organs of birds and mammals

3. Examine the structures of male and female bird and mammal gametes

4. List the differences between male and female bird and mammal reproductive organs

5. Describe the structural differences in the egg of vertebrates

6. Compare the reproductive systems in fish, reptiles, birds and mammals

7. List the important terms often used to study flowers e.g., bisexuals, mono-sexual, inflo-rescence, etc.

Objective: Understand pollination in plants

Action steps

1. Provide a definition of pollination

2. List the features of self-pollinated flowers and cross-pollinated flowers

3. Describe the agents of pollination such as water, wind, insects, and animals

Objective: Regulation of Internal Environment

Action steps

1. Provide a definition of homeostasis,

2. Examine the effects of kidney diseases

3. Identify possible remedies for these effects

Objective: Understand the functions of the liver

Action steps

1. Examine the structure and function of the liver

2. Examine the effects of liver diseases

3. Identify possible remedies for the effects

4. Describe the processes of metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids

Objective: Understand plant hormones

Action steps

1. Provide the definition of a plant hormone

2. Describe the functions of plant hormones

Third Term

Objective: Analyze the operation of endocrine glands

Action steps

1. Describe endocrine glands and their hormones

2. List the functions of endocrine glands

3. Describe the effect of under-secretion or over-secretion of endocrine hormones

Objective: Investigate skin

Action steps

1. Examine the structures and functions of mammalian skin

2. Describe the proper care of mammalian skin

Objective: Understand the operation of the nervous system

Action steps

1. Describe the organization of the nervous system

2. Explain the operation of the central nervous system by describing the structure and func-tion of the brain

3. Explain the operation of the peripheral nervous system by describing the structure and function of the spinal cord

Objective: Describe the structure and function of a neuron

Action steps

1. Describe the types of neurons (motor, sensory and relay)

2. Describe how a nerve impulse travels

3. Provide examples of reflex actions voluntary actions

4. Explain Pavlov’s experiments on dogs

Objective: Understand how the nose functions

Action steps

1. Describe how the nose recognizes odors

2. Describe the mechanism of smelling with the help of an olfactory chemoreceptor

3. Provide examples of adaptation for survival indogs during hunting

4. Identify the presence of chemo receptors in insects (e.g., butterflies)

Objective: Understand how the eyes function

Action steps

1. Describe the eye and its parts

2. List the functions of the different parts of the eye

3. Describe the role of the eyes in image formation and accommodation

4. Examine eye defects such asmyopia, hyper-myopia, astigmatism, cataracts, night blind-ness, color blindness etc.

Objective: Understand the ecology of population change

Action steps

1. Provide a description of succession in population change

2. Explain the variety and increase in number in species composition

3. Describe primary succession in an aquatic habitat

4. Discuss the characteristics of a stable community

5. Describe the relationship between competition and succession

6. Identify some of the factors that cause overcrowding

Objective: Under the balance in nature

Action steps

1. Describe some of the factors affecting population

2. Provide examples of dynamic equilibrium in nature

3. List some of the factors that help maintain dynamic equilibrium such as availability of food, natural disasters, etc.

4. Describe some of the natural and artificial methods of population control

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